The change area statistics from 2018 to 2019 indicate a reduction in paddy-fallow area by 238.20 ha, while the area under paddy-pulses and cotton-fallow increased by 122.50 ha 166.40 ha, respectively. Cropland found the dominant land use (~82% of total area) in 2018, with the paddy fallow occupied 43.37%, followed by cotton-fallow (22.31%) and paddy-pulses (16.86%). Using a low penalty for time-warping less than 50 days (β) and high cost for extended time warps helped achieve 86% overall accuracy and 0.82 kappa accuracy. The parallel data processing was applied to a large data cube (band dimension: 66*6) containing the composite images for two years (20). Using a logistic function, we examined the time series variations among the classes and assigned a time weightage through a steepness (α) and penalty (β) parameter. The current study tested an innovative approach like Time-Weighted Dynamic Time Warping (TWDTW) in a machine learning environment with time-series Sentinel data to map the various crop types. The mapping of crop types is one of the most challenging tasks to derive inputs for enhanced food and nutritional security, especially in complex and diversified landscapes like tropical Asia with small landholdings.
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